Supplementary — Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (Neurodevelopmental Disorders)
1. Overview & Epidemiology
Neurodevelopmental disorders (DSM-5-TR chapter; ICD-10 F70–F98) are a group of conditions with onset in the early developmental period, producing deficits that impair personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. They include: intellectual developmental disorder, communication disorders, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), specific learning disorder, motor disorders (incl. tic disorders / Tourette), and stereotypic movement disorder. Selective mutism is classified with the anxiety disorders, not here — a frequent exam point.
| Condition | Prevalence | Sex (M:F) | Onset / key fact |
|---|---|---|---|
| ADHD | ~5% children, ~2.5% adults | 2:1 (clinic up to 4–5:1) | symptoms before age 12 |
| Autism spectrum disorder | ~1% (~1 in 100; rising with ascertainment) | ~4:1 | deficits in early developmental period |
| Specific learning disorder | 5–15% school-age | M > F | dyslexia/reading is the commonest (~4%) |
| Intellectual disability | ~1% | slight M excess | IQ deficits + adaptive deficits, onset in childhood |
| Tourette's disorder | ~0.3–0.8% children | 2–4:1 |
- Comorbidity is the rule, not the exception. ADHD ↔ ASD, learning disorders, tics, oppositional defiant/conduct disorder, anxiety. ASD ↔ intellectual disability and epilepsy.
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